Tag: llm security

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Newsletter

Real Threats of Artificial Intelligence – AI Security Newsletter #6

Here comes another edition of my newsletter. I’ve collected some interesting resources on AI and LLM security – most of them published in the last two weeks of September. 

If you are not a subscriber yet, feel invited to subscribe here.


Also, if you find this newsletter useful, I’d be grateful if you’d share it with your tech circles, thanks in advance!

Autumn-themed thumbnail generated with Bing Image Creator 🙂 

LLM Security 

OpenAI launches Red Teaming Network 

OpenAI announced an open call for OpenAI Red Teaming Network. In this interdisciplinary initiative, they want to improve the security of their models. Not only do they invite red teaming experts with backgrounds in cybersecurity, but also experts from other domains, with a variety of cultural backgrounds and languages.

Link: https://openai.com/blog/red-teaming-network 

I am building a payloads’ set for LLM security testing 

Shameless auto-promotion, but I’ve started working on PALLMS (Payloads for Attacking Large Language Models) project, within which I want to build huge base of payload, which can be utilized while attacking LLMs. There’s no such an initiative publicly available on the Internet, so that’s a pretty fresh project. Contributors welcome!

Link: https://github.com/mik0w/pallms 

LLM Platform Security: Applying a Systematic Evaluation Framework to OpenAI’s ChatGPT Plugins

In this paper (by Iqbal, et. al.) authors review the security of ChatGPT plugins. That’s a great supplement for OWASP Top10 for LLM LLM:07 – Insecure Plugin Design vulnerability. Not only have authors analyzed the attack surface, but also they demonstrated potential risks on real-life examples. In this paper, you will find an analysis of threats such as: hijacking user machine, plugin squatting, history sniffing, LLM session hijacking, plugin response hallucination, functionality squatting, topic squatting and many more. The topic is interesting and I recommend this paper!  

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.10254.pdf 

Wunderwuzzi – Advanced Data Exfiltration Techniques with ChatGPT

In this blog post, awesome @wunderwuzzi presents a variety of techniques for ChatGPT chat history data exfiltration by combining techniques such as indirect prompt injection and using plugins in a malicious way. 

Link: https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2023/advanced-plugin-data-exfiltration-trickery/ 

Security Weaknesses of Copilot Generated Code in GitHub

In this paper, Fu, et. al. analyze security of the code generated using GH copilot. I will just paste a few sentences from the article’s summary: 

“Our results show: (1) 35.8% of the 435 Copilot generated code snippets contain security weaknesses, spreading across six programming languages. (2) The detected security weaknesses are diverse in nature and are associated with 42 different CWEs. The CWEs that occurred most frequently are CWE-78: OS Command Injection, CWE-330: Use of Insufficiently Random Values, and CWE-703: Improper Check or Handling of Exceptional Conditions (3) Among these CWEs, 11 appear in the MITRE CWE Top-25 list(…)”

Review your code – either from Copilot or from ChatGPT! 

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02059.pdf 

Jailbreaker in Jail: Moving Target Defense for Large Language Models

In this paper, authors demonstrate how Moving Target Defense (MTD) technique enabled them to protect LLMS against adversarial prompts.

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02417.pdf 

Can LLMs be instructed to protect personal information? 

In this paper, the authors announced PrivQA – “a multimodal benchmark to assess this privacy/utility trade-off when a model is instructed to protect specific categories of personal information in a simulated scenario.”

Link: https://llm-access-control.github.io/ 

Bing Chat responses infiltrated by ads pushing malware

As Bing Chat is scraping the web, malicious ads have been detected to be actively injected into its responses. Kind of reminds me of an issue I’ve found in Chatsonic in May ’23.

Link: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/bing-chat-responses-infiltrated-by-ads-pushing-malware/

Image-based prompt injection in Bing Chat AI

Link: https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/10/sob-story-about-dead-grandma-tricks-microsoft-ai-into-solving-captcha/

AI Security 

NSA is creating a hub for AI Security 

The American National Security Agency has just launched a hub for AI security – The AI Security Center. One of the goals is to create the risk frameworks for AI security. Paul Nakasone, the director of the NSA, proposes an elegant definition of AI security:
“Protecting systems from learning, doing and revealing the wrong thing”. 

Link: https://therecord.media/national-security-agency-ai-hub 

Study on the robustness of AI-Image detection

In this paper, researchers have proven that the detectors of AI-generated images have multiple vulnerabilities and there isn’t a good way for proving if the image is real or generated by the AI. “Our attacks are able to break every existing watermark that we have encountered” – said the researchers.

Link: https://www.theregister.com/2023/10/02/watermarking_security_checks/ + paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.00076.pdf 

ShellTorch (critical vulnerability!) 

A critical vulnerability has been found in TorchServe – PyTorch model server. This vulnerability allows access to proprietary AI models, insertion of malicious models, and leakage of sensitive data – and can be used to alter the model’s results or to execute a full server takeover.

Here’s a visual explanation of this vulnerability from BleepingComputer:

Link: https://www.oligo.security/shelltorch 

AI/LLM as a tool for cybersecurity 

Can Large Language Models Provide Security & Privacy Advice? Measuring the Ability of LLMs to Refute Misconceptions

In this paper, the conclusion is that LLMs are not the best tool to provide S&P advice, but for some reason, the researchers (Chen, Arunasalam, Celik) haven’t tried to either fine-tune the model using fine-tuning APIs, or to use embeddings – thus, I believe the question remains kind of open. In my opinion, if you fine-tune the model on your knowledge base or if you create some kind of embedding of your data, then the quality of S&P advice should go up. 

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2310.02431.pdf 

Regulations

Map of AI regulations all over the world

Fairly AI team have done this super cool work and published a map of AI regulations all over the world. Useful for anyone working with a legal side of AI! 

The map legend:

  • :large_green_circle: Green: Regulation that’s passed and now active.
  • :large_blue_circle: Blue: Passed, but not live yet.
  • :large_yellow_circle: Yellow: Currently proposed regulations.
  • :red_circle: Red: Regions just starting to talk about it, laying down some early thoughts.

Link: https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1grbvr9Ic-qJ-LTC9DHqpdzi2M-mtxl4&ll=15.171472397416672%2C0&z=2

Some thoughts on why AI shouldn’t be regulated, but rather decentralized

Link: https://cointelegraph.com/news/coinbase-ceo-warns-ai-regulation-calls-for-decentralization

Canada aims to be the first country in the world with official regulations covering the AI sector

Link: https://venturebeat.com/ai/canada-ai-code-of-conduct/ 

Other AI-related things 

Build an end-to-end MLOps pipeline for visual quality inspection at the edge

In this 3-part series, AWS team demonstrates how to build MLOps pipelines: 

  1. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/build-an-end-to-end-mlops-pipeline-for-visual-quality-inspection-at-the-edge-part-1/
  2. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/build-an-end-to-end-mlops-pipeline-for-visual-quality-inspection-at-the-edge-part-2/
  3. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/build-an-end-to-end-mlops-pipeline-for-visual-quality-inspection-at-the-edge-part-3/

If you want more papers and articles 

Categories
Newsletter

Real Threats of Artificial Intelligence – AI Security Newsletter #4 (September ’23)

Here comes the fourth release of my newsletter. This time I have included a lot of content related to the DEFCON AI Village (I have tagged content that comes from there) – a bit late, but better later than never. Anyway, enjoy reading.

Also, if you find this newsletter useful, I’d be grateful if you’d share it with your tech circles, thanks in advance!

Any feedback on this newsletter is welcome – you can mail me or post a comment in this article.

AI Security 

  1. Model Confusion – Weaponizing ML models for red teams and bounty hunters [AI Village] 

This is an excellent read about ML supply chain security by Adrian Wood. One of the most insightful resources on the ML supply chain that I’ve seen. Totally worth reading! 

Link: https://5stars217.github.io/2023-08-08-red-teaming-with-ml-models/ 

  1. Assessing the Vulnerabilities of the Open-Source Artificial Intelligence (AI) Landscape: A Large-Scale Analysis of the Hugging Face Platform [AI Village]

Researchers have performed automated analysis of 110 000 models from Hugging Face and have found almost 6 million vulnerabilities in the code. 

Links: slides: https://aivillage.org/assets/AIVDC31/DSAIL%20DEFCON%20AI%20Village.pdf paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372761501_Assessing_the_Vulnerabilities_of_the_Open-Source_Artificial_Intelligence_AI_Landscape_A_Large-Scale_Analysis_of_the_Hugging_Face_Platform 

  1. Podcast on MLSecOps [60 min] 

Ian Swanson (CEO of Protect AI) & Emilio Escobar (CISO of Datadog) are talking about ML & AI Security, MLSecOps, Supply Chain Security and LLMs:

Link: https://shomik.substack.com/p/17-ian-swanson-ceo-of-protect-ai

Regulations

  1. LLM Legal Risk Management, and Use Case Development Strategies to Minimize Risk [AI Village]

Well, I am not a lawyer. But I do know a few lawyers who read this newsletter, so maybe you will find these slides on the legal aspects of LLM risk management interesting 🙂

Link: https://aivillage.org/assets/AIVDC31/Defcon%20Presentation_2.pdf 

  1. Canadian Guardrails for Generative AI

Canadians have created a document with a set of guardrails for developers and operators of Generative AI systems. 

Link: https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/consultation-development-canadian-code-practice-generative-artificial-intelligence-systems/canadian-guardrails-generative-ai-code-practice

LLM Security 

  1. LLMSecurity.net – A Database of LLM-security Related Resources

Website by Leon Derczynski (LI: https://www.linkedin.com/in/leon-derczynski/ ) that catalogs various papers, articles and news regarding  

Link: https://llmsecurity.net/

  1. LLMs Hacker’s Handbook

This thing was on the Internet for a while, but for some reason I’ve never seen it. LLM Hacker’s Handbook with some useful techniques of Prompt Injection and proposed defenses. 

Link: https://doublespeak.chat/#/handbook

AI/LLM as a tool for cybersecurity 

  1. ChatGPT for security teams [AI Village] 

Some ChatGPT tips & tricks (including jailbreaks) from GTKlondike (https://twitter.com/GTKlondike/)  

Link: https://github.com/NetsecExplained/chatgpt-your-red-team-ally 

Bonus: https://twitter.com/GTKlondike/status/1697087125840376216 

AI in general 

Initially, this newsletter was meant to be exclusively related to security, but in the last two weeks I’ve stumbled upon a few decent resources on LLMs and AI and I want to share them with you!

This post by Stephen Wolfram on how does ChatGPT (and LLMs in general) work:
https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/

Update of GPT 3.5 – fine-tuning is now available through OpenAI API: 

https://openai.com/blog/gpt-3-5-turbo-fine-tuning-and-api-updates

This post by Chip Huyen on how does RLHF work: https://huyenchip.com/2023/05/02/rlhf.html and this one from Huggingface: https://huggingface.co/blog/rlhf 

Some loose links

In this section you’ll find some links to recent AI security and LLM security papers that I didn’t manage to read. If you still want to read more on AI topics, try these articles.

“Does Physical Adversarial Example Really Matter to Autonomous Driving? Towards System-Level Effect of Adversarial Object Evasion Attack” 

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.11894.pdf

“RatGPT: Turning online LLMs into Proxies for Malware Attacks”

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.09183.pdf 

“PENTESTGPT: An LLM-empowered Automatic Penetration Testing Tool”

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.06782.pdf 

“DIVAS: An LLM-based End-to-End Framework for SoC Security Analysis and Policy-based Protection”

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.06932.pdf

“Devising and Detecting Phishing: large language models vs. Smaller Human Models”

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.12287.pdf 

Categories
LLM Security

Indirect prompt injection with YouTube video

In this short blog post I will show how I have found a way to “attack” Large Language Model with the YouTube video – this attack is called “indirect prompt injection”.

Recently I’ve found LeMUR by AssemblyAI – someone posted it on Twitter and I’ve decided that it may be an interesting target to test for Prompt Injections. 

When talking about prompt injections, we distinguish two types – first type is direct prompt injection, in which PI payload is placed in the application by the attacker and the second type is indirect prompt injection, in which the PI payload is carried using third party medium – image, content of the website that is scrapped by the model or audio file. 

First of all, I’ve started with generic Prompt Injection that is known from “traditional” LLMs – I just told the model to ignore all of the previous instructions and follow my instruction: 

After it turned out that the model follows my instructions, I’ve decided that it would be interesting to check if it will follow instructions directly from the video. I’ve recorded a test video with Prompt Injection payloads: 

Unfortunately, I still have had to send instructions explicitly in the form that I’ve controlled: 

When I’ve numbered the paragraphs, it turned out that I am able to control the processing of the transcript from the video/transcript level (in this case, the paragraph 4 redirected to paragraph 2 with the prompt injection payload in it, what caused the model to reply simply with “Lol”): 

That was the vid: 

I tricked the Summary feature to say what I wanted with the same vid: 

Instead of summarizing the text, the model just says “Lol”. This specific bug may be used by individuals that don’t want their content to be processed by the automated LLM-based solutions – I don’t judge if it’s a bug, or a feature, neither do I say that LeMUR is insecure (because it’s rather secure) – I just wanted to showcase this interesting case of indirect prompt injection.

If you want to know more about LLM and AI security, subscribe my newsletter: https://hackstery.com/newsletter/

Categories
Newsletter

Real Threats of Artificial Intelligence – AI Security Newsletter #2 (August ’23)

This is the second release of my newsletter. I’ve collected some papers, articles and vulnerabilities that were released in last two weeks, this time the resources are categorized into following categories: LLM Security, AI Safety, AI Security. If you are not a mail subscriber yet, feel invited to subscribe: https://hackstery.com/newsletter/.

Order of the resources is random.

Any feedback on this newsletter is welcome – you can mail me or post a comment in this article.

LLM Security

Image to prompt injection in Google Bard

“Embrace The Red” blog on hacking Google Bard using crafted images with prompt injection payload. 

Link: https://embracethered.com/blog/posts/2023/google-bard-image-to-prompt-injection/

Paper: Challenges and Applications of Large Language Models

Comprehensive article on LLM challenges and applications, with a lot of useful resources on prompting, hallucinations etc. 

Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10169

Remote Code Execution in MathGPT 

Post about how Seungyun Baek hacked MathGPT.

Link: https://www.l0z1k.com/hacking-mathgpt/

AVID ML (AI Vulnerability Database) Integration with Garak

Garak is a LLM vulnerability scanner created by Leon Derczynski. According to the description, garak checks if an LLM will fail in a way we don’t necessarily want. garak probes for hallucination, data leakage, prompt injection, misinformation, toxicity generation, jailbreaks, and many other weaknesses. AvidML supports integration with Garak for quickly converting the vulnerabilities garak finds into informative, evidence-based reports.

Link: https://avidml.org/blog/garak-integration/ 

Limitations of LLM censorship and Mosaic Prompt attack

Although censorship brings negative associations, in terms of LLMs it can be used to prevent LLM from creating malicious content, such as ransomware code. In this paper authors demonstrate attack method called Mosaic Prompt, which is basically splitting malicious prompts into sets of non-malicious prompts. 

Link: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~is410/Papers/llm_censorship.pdf

Security, Privacy and Ethical concerns of ChatGPT

Yet another paper on ChatGPT 🙂 

Link: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.14192.pdf

(Ab)using Images and Sounds for Indirect Instruction Injection in Multi-Modal LLMs

Using images and sounds for Indirect Prompt Injections. In this notebook  you can take a look at the code used for generating images with injection: https://github.com/ebagdasa/multimodal_injection/blob/main/run_image_injection.ipynb

(I’ll be honest, it looks like magic) 

Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10490

Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models

Paper on creating transferable adversarial prompts, able to induce objectionable content in the public interfaces to ChatGPT, Bard, and Claude, as well as open source LLMs such as LLaMA-2-Chat, Pythia, Falcon, and others. This paper was supported by DARPA and the Air Force Research Laboratory. 

Link: https://llm-attacks.org/zou2023universal.pdf + repo: https://github.com/llm-attacks/llm-attacks/tree/main/experiments

OWASP Top10 for LLM v1.0

OWASP released version 1.0 of Top10 for LLMs! You can also check my post on that list here. 

Link: https://owasp.org/www-project-top-10-for-large-language-model-applications/assets/PDF/OWASP-Top-10-for-LLMs-2023-v1_0.pdf 

Survey on extracting training data from pre-trained language models

Survey based on more than 100 key papers in fields such as natural language processing and security, exploring and systemizing attacks and protection methods.

Link: https://aclanthology.org/2023.trustnlp-1.23/

Wired on LLM security

This article features OWASP Top10 for LLM and plugins security concerns. 

Link: https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-plugins-security-privacy-risk/

AI Safety 

Ensuring Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy AI

Amazon, Anthropic, Google, Inflection, Meta, Microsoft and OpenAI have agreed to self-regulate their AI-based solutions. In these voluntary commitments, the companies pledge to ensure safety, security and trust in artificial intelligence.

Link: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/07/21/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-secures-voluntary-commitments-from-leading-artificial-intelligence-companies-to-manage-the-risks-posed-by-ai/

Red teaming AI for bio-safety

Anthropic’s post on red teaming AI for biosafety and evaluating models capabilities i.e. for ability to output harmful biological information, such as designing and acquiring biological weapons.

Link: https://www.anthropic.com/index/frontier-threats-red-teaming-for-ai-safety

AI Security 

AI Vulnerability Database releases Python library 

According to documentation: “It empowers engineers and developers to build pipelines to export outcomes of tests in their ML pipelines as AVID reports, build an in-house vulnerability database, integrate existing sources of vulnerabilities into AVID-style reports, and much more!”

Link: https://twitter.com/AvidMldb/status/1683883556064616448 

Mandiant – Securing AI pipeline

The article from Mandiant on securing the AI pipeline. Contains GAIA (Good AI Assessment) Top 10, a list of common attacks and weaknesses in the AI pipeline.

Link: https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/securing-ai-pipeline 

Google paper on AI red teaming

Citing the summary of this document:

“In this paper, we dive deeper into SAIF to explore one critical capability that we deploy to support the SAIF framework: red teaming. This includes three important areas:
1. What red teaming is and why it is important
2. What types of attacks red teams simulate
3. Lessons we have learned that we can share with others”

Link: https://services.google.com/fh/files/blogs/google_ai_red_team_digital_final.pdf

Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Privacy

MIT researchers have developed a technique to protect sensitive data encoded within machine learning models. By adding noise or randomness to the model, the researchers aim to make it more difficult for malicious agents to extract the original data. However, this perturbation reduces the model’s accuracy, so the researchers have created a framework called Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Privacy. This framework automatically determines the minimal amount of noise needed to protect the data, without requiring knowledge of the model’s inner workings or training process.

Link: https://news.mit.edu/2023/new-way-look-data-privacy-0714